Steel is one of the most usable materials in factories and infrastructure development in the world. About production of steel is 1.3 billion tons a year. The application of this material is not only in factories and infrastructure but now-a-days in almost everywhere in our modern daily life. The Bridge construction, machine manufacturing, building constructions, vehicle manufacturing, process industries, aviation industries and many other places steel is required.
The properties of
steel are likely dealt with strength, ductility, hardness, aesthetics etc. These
properties classified the sub-categories of steel. Engineers and technician
selects the proper steel type for their respective projects counting the
quality and cost.
Steels are likely
categorized into four groups (According to American Iron and Steel Institute)
on their chemical composition as-
1. Carbon steel
2. Alloy steels
3. Stainless Steel
4. Tool Steels
Steel
Numbering Systems
There
are two major numbering systems used by the steel industry, the first developed
by the American Iron & Steel Institute (AISI), and the second by the Society
of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Both of these systems are based on four digit
code numbers when identifying the base carbon and alloy steels. There are
selections of alloys that have five digit codes instead.
If
the first digit is a one (1) in this designation it indicates a carbon steel.
All carbon steels are in this group (1xxx) in both the SAE & AISI system.
They are also subdivided into four categories due to particular underlying
properties among them. See below:
- Plain Carbon Steel is encompassed within the 10xx series (containing 1.00% Mn maximum)
- Re-Sulfurized Carbon steel is encompassed within the 11xx series
- Re -Sulfurized and Re-Phosphorized Carbon Steel is encompassed within the 12xx series
- Non-Re-Sulfurized High-Manganese (up-to 1.65%) carbon steel is encompassed within the 15xx series.
The
first digit on all other alloy steels (under the SAE-AISI system), are then
classified as follows:
2
= Nickel steels.
3
= Nickel-chromium steels.
4
= Molybdenum steels.
5
= Chromium steels.
6
= Chromium-vanadium steels.
7
= Tungsten-chromium steels.
8
= Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
9
= Silicon-manganese steels and various other SAE grades
The
second digit of the series (sometimes but not always) indicates the
concentration of the major element in percentiles (1 equals 1%).
The
last two digits of the series indicate the carbon concentration to 0.01%.
For
example: SAE
5130 is a chromium alloy steel containing about 1% of chromium and
approximately 0.30% of carbon.
The
widely used steels are Stainless steel and Carbon Steel in our industries.
Stainless steel:
It
is defined as a steel alloy with a minimum of 11.5 wt% chromium content.
Stainless steel does not stain, corrode or rust as easily as ordinary steel (it
“stains less”), but it is not stain-proof. It is also called corrosion
resistant steel when the alloy type and grade are not detailed, particularly in
the aviation industry. There are different grades and surface finishes of
stainless steel to suit the environment to which the material will be subjected
in its lifetime. Common uses of stainless steel are cutlery and watch straps.
Stainless
steel differs from carbon steel by amount of chromium present. Carbon steel
rusts when exposed to air and moisture. This iron oxide film is active and
accelerates corrosion by forming more iron oxide. Stainless steels have
sufficient amount of chromium present so that a passive film of chromium oxide
forms which prevents further corrosion.
Carbon Steel
Carbon
Steel can be segregated into three main categories: Low carbon steel (sometimes
known as mild steel); Medium carbon steel; and High carbon steel.
Low
Carbon Steel (Mild Steel):
Typically contain 0.04% to 0.30% carbon content. This is one of the largest
groups of Carbon Steel. It covers a great diversity of shapes; from Flat Sheet
to Structural Beam. Depending on the desired properties needed, other elements
are added or increased. For example: Drawing Quality (DQ) – The carbon level is
kept low and Aluminum is added, and for Structural Steel the carbon level is
higher and the manganese content is increased.
Medium
Carbon Steel: Typically
has a carbon range of 0.31% to 0.60%, and a manganese content ranging from
.060% to 1.65%. This product is stronger than low carbon steel, and it is more
difficult to form, weld and cut. Medium carbon steels are quite often hardened
and tempered using heat treatment.
High
Carbon Steel: Commonly
known as “carbon tool steel” it typically has a carbon range between 0.61% and
1.50%. High carbon steel is very difficult to cut, bend and weld. Once heat
treated it becomes extremely hard and brittle.
Sources : American Iron and Steel Institute
